Objectives: Verbal abuse among healthcare professionals is a pervasive problem and workplace violence (WPV) is a prevalent phenomenon in the global healthcare business. This study aims to examine the relationship between verbal violence and psychological stress in Wasit City, Iraq. Methods: A correlational-descriptive study was conducted using a convenient sample of 248 nurses in Wasit City, Iraq. The data collected from November 5, 2023, to February 7, 2024, were based on a dual-part self-report questionnaire. The first part consisted of questions about participants’ traits, the second part covered verbal abuse in the health sector survey, and the third part included a job-related stress scale. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of variance analysis was used for the data analysis. Results: The mean age for nurses is 29.6±6 years, and 53.6% of 46.4% were men. Approximately 49.2% of the nurses were exposed to moderate levels of verbal violence, as defined using the job-related stress scale. The mean psychological stress between men and women (63.7%) significantly perceived moderate psychological stress in the workplace. A strong positive relationship is observed between verbal violence and psychological stress among nurses at P=0.001. As exposure to verbal violence increased, stress levels also increased. Discussion: Nearly half of the nurses in this study experienced verbal abuse, and over half experienced psychological stress. The two have a close relationship. This implies a relationship between verbal abuse directed against nurses and stressful work environments. Future studies should examine this cause-and-effect link. Furthermore, since some registered nurses reported higher rates of violence than others, further studies should examine how an individual’s traits or workplace environment affect risk.

Verbal violence refers to any speech in which the speaker antagonistically exploits specific words and phrases to control, humiliate, coerce, threaten, ridicule, and quip his/her audience. Also, it refers to promiscuity in the speaker’s discourse. Social critics’ verbal system largely has an aggressive structure. As a social critic, Hafiz reflected his critique in his divan. Thus, his work can be a fresh, intersecting, social arena to examine verbal violence in his critical and individual encounter with a dominant ideological system. The current study will initially survey various definitions of violence. Then, it will define violence in the contemporary world. Afterward, it will concentrate on the violence within Hafiz’s divan. It will demonstrate that violence in Hafiz’s poetry is divided into verbal and nonverbal violence. The former has two categories: implicit and explicit. Given the implicit violence, it is the product of the poet’s imagination.  Lastly, the current article will study ‘inversion’ in the divan. The study results highlight the different degrees and types of verbal violence in Hafiz’s poetry when one pays attention to the implications of violence and its subject and addressees. Furthermore, findings indicate that Hafiz directly or indirectly employs vulgar and sarcastic expressions and descriptions in his relation to others at individual and social levels. Indeed, Hafiz’s verbal violence can create in his addressees a sense of abandonment, frustration, sorrow, and humiliation. Given the modern definitions of violence, one can classify with literary works containing high frequency of violence

The present study was aimed at examining verbal violence in the comments on popular Iranian Instagram pages. In the initial stage, the official Instagram pages of Iranian celebrities (who lives in Iran) with at least one million followers at the time that the present project was approved were identified. Then, the followers’ comments were analyzed in terms of verbal violence. In the present study, the Brown and Levinson's politeness theory (1978 & 1987) and the Impoliteness theory by Culpeper (2011) that are focused on the concept of face, and are related to the Goffman's theory of dramaturgy. The qualitative method of thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Finally, analysis of 1500 comments with verbal violence revealed 9 Global themes as follows: Celebrity’s personal and professional life, Welfare, Sexual, Gender, Politics, Religion, Ethnicity and Social concerns. In the next step, a thematic network of the global themes as the main and repeated patterns of the textual data was drawn, and subsequently, two other levels of themes, i.e. the Basic and Organizing themes were categorized, described, and analyzed in 9 tables.

The main objective of this study is to examine different layers of power relations between characters of Persian novels as represented by Afsoone Sabz utilizing Norman Fairclough’, s critical discourse analysis framework (1996) which paves the way for decoding social structures that cause verbal abuse in Iran. To this end, Afsoone Sabz novel, written by Takin Hamzeloo, is chosen as the case study. It can be maintained that social structures like gender inequality, socioeconomic status differences, and class struggle determine verbal abuses in Persian. It is reasonable to argue that Hamzeloo uses her text to influence the audience (Iranians in general and Iranian women in particular) to be aware of social practices (gender inequality, socioeconomic status differences, class struggle and power relations) in an attempt to change, if not subvert, power relations (obtain gender equality and remove socio-economic inequality in Iran). The paper suggests that Hamzeloo uses othering strategy, as a powerful rhetorical tool, to portray the pessimistic outlook Iranian men hold about women through verbal abuse.

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to identify the causes of Verbal violence in Iran's football stadiums, for which a qualitative analysis method with Glazer's ground theory (emergent theory) approach was used. The tool used in this research is a semi-structured interview. The statistical population is experts, experts and media agents in the field of sports. The sampling method was purposeful and the sample size was 10 people based on the theoretical saturation index. After the interview, the data were recorded and reviewed and studied several times. After ensuring the correctness of the recorded information, the data were entered into Max QDA software version 2022 and analyzed. The validity and reliability of the obtained codes were confirmed based on the four criteria proposed by Goba and Lincoln: validity, verifiability, reliability, and transferability. The results showed that 4 cultural and social factors, managerial and infrastructural factors, media atmosphere and security atmosphere governing stadiums are Verbal violence factors in Iranian football stadiums, which include 9 concepts of lack of cultural conditions, society, presence of families, management, weakness In the conditions of entering the stadium, comfort and health facilities, intensification of obscenity, prevention through the media and creating a tense atmosphere.

As one of the mothers of literary and mystical works and one of the most influential of them, Hadiqa-ul-Haqiqah has many research capacities. Like many other mystic literary works, the language of Hadiqeh is written in an informal and close to colloquial way. This closeness to the colloquial language has become the basis for entering some unpleasant forms of language such as cursing, rude words, humiliation and mockery, which can be considered as an example of linguistic violence. In this article, which is done in an analytical way, the examples of verbal violence in Hadiqah are first extracted and then analyzed in connection with the mystical discourse and the living conditions of the poet as well as the political and social realities of the poet's era.And at the end, the possible causes of the emergence of this type of language have been discussed. It seems; The reasons for the emergence of verbal violence in Hadiqah should be related to the audience of Sufia's works, which were generally the common people. The existence of a general audience has given the poet more freedom in using the capacities of language. Another reason is the didactic aspect of mystical literature. Didactic literature is more violent than other types of literature. The personal life of the poet and the moral decline of the society are other factors that have contributed to the high frequency of violence in the garden.

One of the important functions of language is conveying each person’ s emotions to another people. Emotions are abstract concepts that should be converted into concrete concepts in order to become comprehensible; Metaphors and adjectives are common tools for changing abstract concepts to concrete ones. In this study we try to answer the following question: “ Has the Persian language changed regarding to the use of violent verbal tools? ” In order to answer this question, we have to understand if the mental and cognitive representation of anger in language has had an ascending development or a descending one? One of the representations of expressing emotions such as anger in everyday language is through the daily newspapers published in that language. In other words, the text of a newspapers reflects the thoughts and speeches of that society. Thus, the study of anger in this research has been limited to the metaphors representing anger in Persian and also the adjectives that using this emotion in a corpus consisting of Persian newspapers. This paper is based on the theory of conventional metaphors in such important papers as Lakoff and Johnson 1980 and Lakoff 1993. The metaphors are recognized here according to the Metaphor Identification Process (MIP) in Pragglejaz (2007). In sum, 100 editorial or leading articles, 2 important and bestselling newspapers, namely ‘ Keyhan’ and ‘ Ettelaat’ which have an archive of at least 50 years (50 of each newspaper and 1 of each year) were chosen randomly for this research and 18 source domains were identified for the metaphors. The importance of this study is that, it reveals the changes in using violence in Persian according to a natural and real corpus of popular newspapers published in Persian, and also shows its relationship with the important social and political changes of each decade. This way, a cognitive pattern of Persian based on the development of violence change in this language and its representation in Persian newspapers will be achieved. The results of this study shows that the political and social factors have been influential in the development of violence change in Persian newspapers.

Background: Verbal violence is one of the job insecurity in workplace which is frequent among health care workers, especially emergency personnel. This study examined verbal workplace violence against emergency medical personnel that took place in north of Khuzestan province.methods: This research was a cross - sectional study using census method on 144 cases of emergency personnel of north Khuzestan who declared their satisfaction to take part in the study in 2014. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire consisted of four parts (demographic, psychological violence experience, racial violence and response to violence and its causes). Data analysis was performed by SPSS 11 software using descriptive and inferential tests.Results: The mean age of subjects was 32.9±4.16 years and their experience in the emergency department was 5.9±2.25 years. In the past 12 months, 66.7 percent of staff had experienced at least one of the verbal violence and 65.3 percent had experienced psychological violence, 20.1 percent had experienced cultural, or racial violence separately. There was a significant relationship between violence and male patients (p=0.002). From medical personnel’s point of view the most common cause of violence was low public awareness towards the duties of emergency medical personnel. The most common response to violence was to invite the offender to relax.Conclusion: Courses can be offered to raise public awareness and to teach medical emergency personnel how to deal with violence and prevent its occurrence.